![]() Two- and three-dimensional FE models were modelled and loaded separately to compare the critical section forces. ![]() Live load distribution formulations were adopted from AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for different fill heights. ![]() Finite element (FE) models were developed and calibrated using field load test results. Field live load tests were conducted by driving a loaded truck over some culverts at slow speed while recording data at the critical locations of these culvert. The gross weight and axle spacing of these trucks play an important role on the performance of the buried culverts where the culvert is covered with shallow fill heights. Buried culverts have been in service more than half a century and their age raises questions about their reliable serviceability for the new standard vehicles.
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